Several different sub-topics in this thread...
Re: patients "doing their own research," it's obviously going to vary. My wife is a heavy consumer of medical services. She's also very smart, well read, and had some nursing training in her youth. When she sees a practitioner, she's educated herself as much as possible ahead of time, and it comes from reputable sources, not Facebook. They love her. They can have an intelligent discussion and know she understands what's going on. She has had a couple major procedures done by Kyle Hornsby, and he even asked her to become a regular ongoing patient, something his staff said was extremely rare.
Me, I don't have nearly the encounters she does, but I too am reasonably bright and well read and come from a medical family so I can usually talk intelligently with them. One instance that stands out was after I had my prostate biopsied, I went in to go over what they'd found. She started into this long explanation before I interrupted and asked "What's my Gleason score?" which was what she was trying to explain. "You've done your homework, haven't you?" she responded. Our conversations have been on a less elementary level ever since.
Re: charges for NP visits being the same as for MDs, I suspect that's more a function of the practice charging $X for a particular service, no matter who does it. Kind of like the auto shop charging you the same for a brake job whether or not the apprentice or the journeyman does it.
Re: quality of care between NPs or MDs, I can't complain. I had an episode about 18 months ago where I was losing my breath and at times couldn't breath. (The one and only time I was truly frightened by something health related.) An NP at my primary's practice was able to see me, and she diagnosed "possible" pneumonia and prescribed a couple drugs that cured me in an hour or two. Another time about six months ago I became violently ill, vomiting and shitting like mad. Couldn't even keep down water. Went to urgent care and an NP fixed me up with a couple scripts that stopped the retching in its tracks.